Dundee and the Submarines

Dundee and its Submarines

by Iain D. McIntosh

The change to a steam navy in the mid 19th Century required a change to the home defences of the United Kingdom. One method of defence was the explosive mine as used in the American Civil War. The mines were laid on the seabed, wired in groups and exploded by electrical means by watchers on the shore. A new role for long established forts was brought into use for the watchers. As these sea defences were regarded as a part of the land, control was given to the Royal Engineers.
In 1886, the Government decided to form a Submarine Mining Corps of the Royal Engineers to defend the estuaries of the country. The Tay Volunteer Division of the Corps operated from Broughty Castle laying practice minefields designed to trap any hostile craft attempting to enter the river. In 1900 the Dundee division consisted of 18 officers and 240 men.
When the French embarked on a rapid expansion of their submarine fleet, the Admiralty became alarmed and they decided to build submarines of their own. As they had no designs for such craft they looked to the American Navy which was experimenting with submarines of different designs. The British chose the designs by Mr Holland and plans were secured.
Five Submarines were ordered from ‘Vickers’ for experimental purposes to a modified design. No 1 joined the Royal Navy in 1901. The class was armed with a single torpedo tube in the boat and had no periscope. Propulsion was by a single four cylinder petrol engine when surfaced and a single electric motor when submerged. The surface speed was 8 knots and 5 knots submerged. The Admiralty and Vickers set out to design a submarine of their own based on the Holland class. The resulting ‘A’ Class had a conning tower and a periscope. The 13 boats of the class were built during 1903 and 1905. They were followed by 11 boats of an improved ‘B’ class in 1906 and 38 in the ‘C’ class were completed by 1910. Displacement had reached 290 tons on the surface and the armament to two 18 inch torpedo tubes. A 16 cylinder petrol engine provided the surface power of 13½ knots, range 1700 miles.
The functions of these boats were seen as being defensive. They were expected to protect harbour mouths, estuaries, ports and coasts, replacing the old submarine mines. In 1904 the Royal Navy took over responsibility for all sea mining and in 1907 the submarine Mining Corps was disbanded as they were no longer deemed necessary. With the invention of the ‘Hertz horn’ in 1902 mines could now be suspended from a sinker on the sea bed, independent of the shore and exploded on contact by its target. In 1907 the Home Submarine Flotilla went on a month’s cruise in the North Sea along the East Coast visiting various ports in England and Scotland. In July 1908 a group of nine submarines paid a visit to Dundee in charge of the gunboat ‘Hazard’ and the Destroyer ‘Surly’.

It was probably a reconnaissance visit for in the July of 1909 the Admiralty and Dundee Harbour Board signed an agreement which led to the establishment of a base in part of the King William Dock and to use the old west ‘Engraving Dock’, a facility which had attracted them to Dundee. The Harbour received £4000 a year.
A dozen small submarines with a destroyer escort and the parent ship ‘Vulcan’ arrived in November 1909. The ‘C’ Class submarines and the numerous attendant gunboats and destroyers were moored alongside the east wall of the dock near the Customs House and Harbour Chambers. Accommodation for the submariners was provided aboard H.M.S. Vulcan which was moored of the Fife Coast downstream from East Newport. H.M.S. Vulcan was a former Torpedo Boat carrier with large cranes for lifting in and out of the water the six 60 foot torpedo boats.
Whilst on exercise the submarines were escorted by small destroyers and gun boats. Sometimes as many as ten submarines with their surface escorts sailed together on manoeuvres. On one occasion in February 1912 twenty destroyers and the Scouts ‘Forward’ and ‘Skirmisher’ steamed up the river on exercise. Ten entered King William Dock and moored near the submarine base on the east side.
At the beginning of the Great War in August 1914, Britain had 74 submarines. The ‘D’ and ‘E’ classes which followed the ‘C’ class were a departure from a purely coastal concept. The ‘D’ class submarines were fitted with diesel engines which had a range of 2500 miles and could do a steady 14½ knots on the surface at full speed. They were the first British Submarines with twin screws. The ballast tanks were not inside the hull but fitted on the outside as saddle tanks. They had two 18 inch bow torpedo tubes in the stern. The ‘D’ class was the first to be armed with a deck gun. This class became the first ‘oversees’ type of submarine as opposed to the ‘coastal’.
At the beginning of the War, submarines were divided into three groups to fulfil three separate roles.
The overseas D’s and E’s took up station on the east coast of England to carry out oversees patrols in the ‘Helgoland’ bight, most of the ‘B’ and ‘C’ classes joined with the surface Patrol Flotilla which were arranged to work from the principle ports. The remaining submarines, chiefly the old A’s, were attached to the Harbour Defence Flotillas.
In the course of the war, the roles of the surface patrol or harbour defence died a natural death never to be revived. Little is known of submarine activity from Dundee during the 1914-1918 war due to a news blackout. The Admiralty terminated the lease of the base in 1920.

The Second World War

In the summer of 1939, there was a great activity in the British fleet. By the Reserve and Auxiliary Act 1938, large numbers of officers and men were called up progressively from 15th June 1939, by the end of July the Reserve Fleet was fully manned and proceeded for exercises, many of the submarine branches went to sea for two or three days practice patrols to accustom the crews to long periods of diving.
Submarines were assigned to flotillas, the size of which could vary and were under local command. There was never a set size for a flotilla. By the middle of August 1939 the Home Fleet operational boats had moved to their war stations. The large modern depot ship, Forth, together with the second Submarine flotilla, consisting of eight ‘S’ class, three ‘T’ class, also the ‘Thames’ ‘Oberon’ and ‘Oxley’ went to Dundee while the old depot ship ‘Titania’ proceeded to Blyth with the sixth flotilla made up of three ‘U’ class, three ‘L’ class and one ‘H’ class boats. In all there were only twenty one operational submarines available in home waters, and five of these were over ten years old. Rigid wartime censorship drew a veil over naval activities. The Admiralty decided in 1939 that the priority targets for the Royal Navy’s 16 submarines would be enemy warships. The tactics used were to wait within their own individual patrol areas, submerged, for enemy warships to appear. A patrol line was set up in the Kattegat, between Norway and Denmark; this was one of the exits for the German navy out of Kiel and the Baltic and into the North Sea. Although problems with international law had to be found.
One of the 12 submarines of the second flotilla, from Dundee, the 1350 ton ‘Oxley’, built in 1926, found itself out of position in the patrol line off Norway during a dark night on the 10th September 1939. She was challenged by the H.M.S. Triton which had been patrolling an adjacent sector, in the absence of any reply the Triton attacked and sank the Oxley with a torpedo, only the commanding officer and one rating of the Oxley were saved, it transpired that a signal lamp had failed at a critical moment.
On the 20th September the French built, Polish submarine ‘Wilk’ (Wolf) arrived at Rosyth having escaped from the Baltic. The Dutch built submarine the Orzel (Eagle) had sought refuge in Fallin, Estonia on the 14th Sept. She was discovered by the enemy. But broke out from port, without charts, she was hunted by the Germans but managed to escape and arrived in Rosyth on the 14th October. Thus began the allied flotilla under British command until the end of the war.
By the middle of October 1939 it became apparent that neither Blyth nor Dundee was likely to have sufficient anti-aircraft defences in place in a reasonable time to allow them to remain as submarine bases. Therefore both the 2nd and 6th Flotillas were ordered to Rosyth and H.M.S. Forth left Dundee on the 14th October to act as the depot ship at Rosyth for the whole sub concentration there. During the night of the 14th October the German Submarine U-47, commanded by Günter Preen, entered the base of the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow in the Orkney’s and sank the British Battleship ‘Royal Oak’. On the afternoon of the 16th October the German air force mounted a raid on the British Fleet in the Firth of Forth. During that period of the war four ‘S’ class submarines from the Mediterranean were re-deployed to Harwich, they were accompanied by the old depot ship ‘Cyclops’, and they formed the 3rd Submarine flotilla.

By January 1940 the submarine service had lost three more submarines, from Blyth, again on operational duties and this was through an increase in German anti-submarine patrols. To reinforce the submarines of the ‘Home Fleet’ the French 10th Submarine flotilla arrived in Harwich with their depot ship the ‘Jules Verne’ on the 22nd March 1940 (this was three months before the fall of France in June 1940)
Eight 600 ton French Submarines joined the Harwich flotilla and a further four 1300 ton submarines including the minelayer ‘Rubis’ were deployed to Dundee, also the ‘Jules Verne’ made a short visit to Dundee.

H.M.S. Ambrose (Dundee) Submarine Base

Dundee became better prepared for defence against air attacks and the shore base was renamed H.M.S. Ambrose, commissioned 18th April 1940. It was a composite ‘stone frigate’ comprising a group of requisitioned buildings, they included the ‘Jam Factory’ of Messrs Lindsay & Low, recently vacated and situated at Carolina Port, there was the orphanage, Mayfield Hostel, a former flour store and a wool store at East Dock Street.
Also Britain’s three biggest submarines the ‘Thames’ (1932), ‘Clyde (1934) and the ‘Severn’ (1934) were moved to Dundee during the early months of 1940 – these had a surface displacement of 2165 tons, 250 feet long, 22½ knots surface speed and a range of 1200 miles.
High grade Swedish iron ore was essential to the German war effort and was being shipped through the Norwegian port of Narvik, to Germany. Most of the route lay inside the offshore island chain in Norwegian territorial waters of the ‘inner leads’ The British decided to flaunt Norwegian neutrality by laying two minefields in the inner leads to force the iron trade into the open sea where they could be intercepted. To prevent possible German counter measures against the mine layers, the British 2nd, 3rd and 6th submarine flotillas and the 10th French Flotilla were ordered to take up position of Norway. 19 boats, mostly ‘S’ and ‘T’ class, plus the minelayers ‘Porpoise’ and ‘Narwhale’, the Polish ‘Orzel’ and 3 French submarines took up position. Unknown to the allies, German naval forces had set out on the 7th April for the invasion of Norway, on the 8th April four British destroyers laid mines of ‘Vestfjord’.
The Orzel sank the 5261 German transport ‘Rio de Janeiro’ off Christiansand South and an hour later HMS Trident sank the 8100 ton German tanker ‘Poseidonia’ inside the ‘Skagerrak’. By the 9th April the German invasion of Norway was in full swing – the Admiralty gave permission to attack all ships without warning. These were good days for the British Submarines, close on 100,000 tons of enemy shipping was sunk and with it at least one division of troops. The cruiser ‘Karlsruhe’ was sunk by ‘Truant’ (‘T’ class Submarine) and the battleship ‘Lutzow’ was damaged by the ‘Spearfish’.

Three British submarines were sunk, the ‘Thistle’ on 10th April; the ‘Tarpon’ on the 14th April and the ‘Sterlet’ on the 18th April – Two ‘T’ Class and one ‘S’ class submarines. The HMS Seal, a ‘Grampus Class’ mine laying submarine was captured on the 4th May after being damaged, she became a U-Boat (U-B) and the only submarine to be captured by the Germans during the War.
In the first week of May 1940 the submarines were re-dispersed for operations of the Dutch Coast and in the southern part of the North Sea. Only the largest boats of the ‘T’ Class, the minelayers, the ‘Severn’ and ‘Clyde’, together with the Polish ‘Orzel’ and the French minelayer ‘Rubis’ were left to work of the Norwegian Coast.
On the 25th May 1940 ‘Orzel’ was mined and sunk with all hands off southern Norway. HMS Thames was presumed mined in the same area on 2nd August having left Dundee on the 22nd July 1940.
With the invasion of Holland on the 10th May 1940, the Dutch boats in the East Indies remained on station while those in Europe were either captured, sabotaged or escaped to Britain, two of the ‘O9’ class, three of the ‘O12’ class and four of the ‘O21’ Class, as these boats were not suitable for close work in the English Channel, they were sent to operate from Dundee to augment the patrols in open waters around the Norwegian coast. These waters continued to be good hunting grounds for the allied submarines. The ‘O13’ was sunk by a mine on passage to Dundee in June 1940 and ‘O22’ was also a casualty and sunk.
The 10,780 Dutch passenger liner Columbia, the largest ship to berth in Dundee, served as their base ship during 1940-41, she was torpedoed of the Cape of Good Hope in 1943, ‘O21’ & ‘O23’ were sent to the far east in 1941.

In early June 1940 the Italians laid major defensive mine barrages off the Italian Mediterranean coast, as war seemed imminent the French submarine Flotilla at Harwich moved urgently to the Med to counter this threat. By special request the minelayer ‘Rubis’ was allowed to carry out one more mine-laying patrol. The Submarines ‘Minerve’ and ‘Junon’ also remained in the UK as they were refitting in Portsmouth dockyard. After the surrender of France those submarines in British controlled ports were taken over by the Royal Navy on the 3rd July.
The ‘Rubis’ was one of six ‘Saphir Class’ submarines, launched in October 1931, with a double hull and 761 ton surface displacement. The 32 mines were carried in vertical wells in the saddle tanks. The ‘Minerve’ and ‘Junon’ were sister boats of a class of six launched in 1934 & 1935 and were of 662 tons surface replacement.
After the Battle of Britain the submarine building programme was revived. The final programme was confined to three standard classes but opportunity was taken as each submarine was laid down to improve the class within the framework of the base design.
The ‘S’ class had a surface displacement of 735 tons, 202 feet long, a surface speed of 14 knots, a range of 3750 miles at 10 knots and had six bow torpedo tubes. The ‘T’ Class had a surface displacement of 1320 tons 247 feet long, a surface speed of 15 knots and a range of 9500 miles. They had 10 torpedo tubes, six external and two external at the bow, one tube on each being mounted externally, angled outwards, aft of the conning tower, firing aft. Group two had one external tube at the stern.
The ‘V’ class was designed as training boats but in 1940 it was realised that their small size suited them for use in the North Sea and Mediterranean. They had a surface displacement of 540 tons, 190 feet long, a surface speed of 11¾ knots and a range of 4100 miles at 10 knots. There were six torpedo tubes in the bow, four were internal.
Dispositions were also adjusted to meet the new situation of enemy occupied coast stretching along the Northern and Biscay Coasts of France.

A small operational Flotilla was formed at Portsmouth to carry out patrols in the channel and a much larger 2nd Flotilla was now based in the Clyde on the depot ship ‘Forth’ which had been brought round from Rosyth, the operational area for this flotilla included the bay of Biscay. Harwich as a base was wound up and all the submarines were sent to the Clyde where the ‘S’ class joined the flotilla based there on the ‘Forth’ and the old ‘H’ Class augmented the boats in the Clyde area which were employed in training the anti-submarine escorts based at Rosyth.
In June 1941 the northern theatre of the sea war was greatly expanded when Germany invaded the Soviet Union. It was decided to send supplies by sea from Britain through the Arctic Sea to Archangel and Murmansk in Northern Russia. The escorted convoys began in August 1941 and at first met little opposition, Submarine patrol lines now covered the whole length of the coast of Norway.

The 9th (International) Flotilla

The ninth Flotilla at Dundee was based on the ‘shore station – H.M.S. Ambrose’, under the command of Captain J. G. Roper. It consisted primarily of allied submarines. There was the Polish ‘Wilk’ and the Dutch O-14, The Free French ‘Minerve’ and ‘Rubis’, the Norwegian ‘Uredd’ and at times a couple of British submarines, it was not an easy flotilla to administer. The ‘Uredd’ was formerly a British ‘U’ class boat which had been transferred to Norway.
Arctic Convoys were operated in pairs, one loaded with supplies to Russia and the other – to the west with empty ships. The first convoys were small and all arrived safely. When the German advance in Russia finally stalled, and it became clear that it would be no easy victory, the flow of supplies to Russia became of greater importance. The Germans sent a flotilla of submarines , a fleet of dive bombers and torpedo bombers and the main surface units of the German Navy to attack the convoys.
Allied submarines gave protection against surface ships by operating on the flanks of the convoys. The submarines were deployed in shifting zones, moving north and east according to the progress of the convoy.
The first convoy to suffer heavy losses was the 19 ship PQ13 which sailed on the 20th March 1942 and was attacked by U-Boats, aircraft and destroyers from Kirkiness, seven ships were lost. Then PQ14 set out with 24 ships from Iceland on 8th April, 16 ships returned with damage from pack ice – seven ships arrived in Murmansk.

The 50 ship convoy PQ15 sailed from Iceland on 26th April 1941 but only 15 arrived in Murmansk on the 7th May. The flanking submarines, on extended patrol consisted of ‘Unison’ (British), ‘Minerve’ (Free French), ‘Uredd’ (Norwegian), and ‘Jastrzab’, (Poland). The Jastrzab was a recently acquired ex-US Navy from the Royal Navy, she came off station and was sunk by the escorts of PQ15 on 2nd May 1942. The Cruiser ‘Edinburgh’ was badly hit by German submarines and destroyers and was finally sunk by a torpedo from the British destroyer - HMS Foresight.
The 35 ship convoy PQ16 sailed from Iceland on the 24th May. Two British submarines sailed with the convoy to operate against German surface ships. Five allied and three Soviet submarines formed a flanking screen, seven ships were lost on that trip. PQ17 sailed from Iceland on the 27th June 1942 with a heavier escort than usual. British submarines ‘Sahib’, ‘Sturgeon’, ‘Unrivalled’, Unbroken’ and the Free French sub ‘Minerve’ in one line, and ‘Ursula’, ‘Tribune’, ‘Seawolf’ and ‘Trident’ in another line, south of Bear Island. Threat of an attack was mounted by heavy German surface ships from north Norway.
‘Tirpitz’, ‘Admiral Sheer’, ‘Admiral Hipper’, and ‘Lutzow’, also included some destroyers).
This threat caused the Admiralty on the 4th July 1942 to order the escorts to turn back to the west and the convoy to scatter. The convoy had set off with 34 ships, 24 were lost either by aircraft attacks of by U-Boat attacks, 3 ships of the convoy returned due to weather damage. The German heavy units were not required. The first Arctic convoy to have an escort carrier was the 40 ship PQ18 which left Iceland on the 12 September 1942, but still 13 merchant ships were sunk.
After PQ18 the Admiralty decided that no further convoys would be sent to Russia until December. Every ship possible was needed for the landings in North Africa – ‘Operation Torch on the 8th November 1942’. (The submarines were therefore not required to continue an unbroken watch of the Norwegian Coast).
In October 1942 Allied submarines operated off Norway. On the 15th October the Norwegian Sub ‘Uredd’ sunk the 3660 ton transport ‘Libau’; the Free French sub ‘Junon’ torpedoed two German steamers on the 18/19 October and a Norwegian steamer of 726 tons was sunk by mines laid by the Free French sub ‘Rubis’. As a result of the Allied landings in North Africa, the Germans swiftly withdrew their aircraft from Norway and an opportunity was taken to retrieve as many empty ships as possible from the ‘White Sea’ before it froze up. QP15 sailed on the 17th November with 28 ships, the British subs P216 and P312, the Free French sub ‘Junon’ and the Norwegian ‘Uredd’ maintained a close watch on the Norwegian Coast. – This ended the PQ/QP series of convoys.

Arctic Convoys were resumed on 19th December 1942 when 16 ships left Loch Ewe. Convoy JW51A lost five ships in the Kola Inlet as a result of air attacks and mines. JW51B left Loch Ewe on 22nd December comprising 14 ships. The German heavy Cruisers Admiral Hipper and Lutzow with destroyers attacked the convoy but were driven off. The Allied submarines employed in the flanking formation of JW52 attacked German coastal traffic during and after the operation, the ‘Uredd’ missed the MTB tender Adolf Luderitz of Oalesund on the 17th January, she was later mined off northern Norway in February 1943 whist carrying out landing operations. The Admiralty transferred the P66 U class submarine to the Norwegian Navy as the ‘Ule’.
During the Spring and Summer of 1943 there were a number of special landing operations on the Coast of Norway. Secret agents were landed at a pre-arranged point and sometimes a commando party. They would meet the submarine at another selected point probably after two or three days. In March 1943 the German heavy cruisers ‘Scharnhorst’, ‘Tirpitz’ and ‘Ludzow’ were combining in northern Norway. There was also a crisis in the Battle of the Atlantic and a great demand was made on the Royal Navy fleet destroyers. The British Admiralty decided to stop the Murmansk convoys for the summer of 1943 and use the support groups in the Atlantic. Limited convoys to Russia were too dangerous. Allied submarines of the 9th Flotilla took up position off northwest Norway.
The Royal Navy in 1943 transferred the ‘S’ Class submarine ‘Sturgeon’ to the Royal Netherlands Navy as the ‘Zeehund’. The previous year the ‘U’ Class P47 had been transferred on completion as the ‘Dolfin’, and served mainly in the Mediterranean. The two ‘T’ Class transfers in 1943 & 1944 were sent to the Far East. The 0-9 and 0-10 were scrapped in 1944 and lay alongside the Camperdown Dock. The Free French Submarine ‘Minerve’ became the victim of a Canadian Liberator Bomb attack on the 10th October 1943 and was damaged she however managed to return to base at Dundee and was disarmed.
The German defeat at Stalingrad in 1943 and at the Battle of Kursk in July eased the urgency of the previous year for war material. In September 1943 the ‘Tirpitz’ was put out of action due to the attacks of British X-Craft submarines, only the ‘Scharnhorst’ was left. After 9 months, convoys to Russia were resumed in December 1943 with JW54A, it arrived safely. JW55B left Loch Ewe on 20th December. On the 25th December a German task force consisting of the Battle Cruiser Scharnhorst and destroyers engaged the convoy escorts. Scharnhorst was sunk by gunfire on the 26th December. The convoy arrived without loss. Flanking cover was given by the 9th Flotilla.

Close patrols were maintained along the whole length of Norway because the ‘Tirpitz’ had now sufficiently recovered to be able to move. During January and February 1944 there was an intensification of British submarine and air operations against German convoy traffic of the Norwegian Coast. Threats of invasion had caused much movement along the coast and all available submarines were dispersed accordingly. In May 1944 the Free French ‘Junon’ was sent to the Mediterranean where all operational French submarines were to be concentrated.
The Allied invasion of France on the 6th June 1944 was the largest invasion in history. There was little to do for the submarines except for the X-Craft. Germany quickly lost the use of its ports in France. Loss or isolation of the main U-Boat operating bases in France saw the boats being transferred, where possible to Norway of Germany. Norway was the only area from which U-Boats could set out in patrols into the Atlantic with relative ease. The 14th U-Boat Flotilla, based in Narwich made the last operational patrols against the Arctic Convoys.
In the Spring of 1944 arrangements were made to transfer one battleship, nine destroyers and four submarines to the Russian Navy as a share of the Italian War Booty. The submarines which were part of the quota were ‘Sunfish’, ‘Unison’, ‘Unbroken’, and ‘Ursula’. The 2300 Soviet sailors who were to man the British units, sailed in convoy RA59 which put to sea on 28th April arriving 6th May. The four submarines were handed over in Dundee by the Royal Navy to the Soviet Northern Fleet on 26th July. The first boat to set out was the V1 (ex-Sunfish). While on passage she did not conform to the agreed route and was promptly bombed by a Liberator of No.86 Squadron, R.A.F. on the 27th July and sunk. The other submarines arrived safely in Russia between 2nd and 4th August 1944.
In the Months of August and October 1944 there was an intensification of British attacks on German convoy traffic round the Norwegian coast. In October ‘Tirpitz’, moved to Tromso, submarines could not get to here so Lancaster bombers, sank her on the 12th November. December was the last patrol of the Free French submarine ‘Rubis’, due to the strained conditions of the submarine refitting resources it was decided not to take her in hand and she was disarmed.

Despite the fact that the Soviet ‘Red Army’ was now almost at the gates of Berlin, the Germans persisted in their attacks on the Arctic convoys. The last convoy battle of Worls War 2 occured on 28th April and 2nd May. It involved RA66 comprising 24 merchant ships and escorts which arrived on the Clyde on the 8th May. 14 U-Boats were driven off. Post war between 12th and 31st May, the last convoy pair JW67 and RA67, sailed from the Clyde to the Kola Inlet and back each with 23 ships. JW67 arrived on the 20th May and RA67 set out on 23rd May. An escort group was detached on the 16th May to accompany surrendered U-Boats to Loch Eriboll.
In June 1945 the worn out ‘Rubis’ left Dundee and was later re-commissioned in France. Rubis had laid 683 mines, these sank 14 supply ships of 21410 tons, damaged one supply ship, sank 7 anti-submarine vessels and damaged 1 U-Boat, a supply ship of 4360 tons was sunk by torpedo. The Norwegian Submarines Ula and Utsira which had been operating from Dundee with the 9th Flotilla and inoperable B1 left Dundee on16th July 1945 for home.
After V.E., Day the German U-boat U-2326 surrendered at Dundee. Later the U-2324 which had given herself up in Norway put into the Tay for repairs.
H.M.S. Ambrose was ‘Demobilised’ – The character of submarine warfare had now changed.
In 2009 a War Memorial was unveiled for those who died in H.M.S Oxley and H.M.S. Thames of the British Royal Navy, O-13 & 0-22 of the Royal Netherlands Navy; ‘Uredd’ of the Royal Norwegian Navy and ‘V1’ of the Soviet Navy.

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Iain D. McIntosh, 2020